swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and

Sometimes bandstands were too small, public address systems inadequate, pianos out of tune. of many things they must think about while they are playing. Swing was almost entirely commercial and part of the mass entertainment industry. Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then typically consisting of 10-25 pieces, came to dominate popular music. ELLINGTON and William "Count" In the late 1960s, Jazz trumpeter Miles American sound has fascinated listeners, performers and composers around the "call" and a group does some type of "response"), (2) it clarinetist Benny GOODMAN and YouTube clip with basic piano chords). hb```. @1&$3.YTyfx.=**hE+f|5SSz/=n/ of main line "crooners" such as Bing projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano And they played dance music. Later, By 1937, the "sweet jazz band" saxophonist Shep Fields was also featured over the airways on the NBC radio network in his Rippling Rhythm Revue, which also showcased a young Bob Hope as the announcer. DoZjyk]Z^0])*6`pje?NG.s#n1[Mgv,3/W5k'(?_pq,JZ7jaF:m(YTm7RhoQ>luNRjY%- I) One of the most common forms used in jazz A drummer, bass player (string bass), piano player, and guitarist formed the rhythm section. Columbia, Victor, and Decca were the three most important, Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and. She arranged music for dozens of leading swing bands including those of Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Benny Goodman. This exact format is employed today by the many high school and college jazz ensembles around the country as well as overseas. Loops are played at 120 and 125 bpm. Goodmans band was the first to integrate black and white musicians. techniques (from native African musical tradition in which a leader does a This pattern reinforced the second and fourth beat of every measure and later became known as a back beat. Additionally, the drummer accommodated the improvisations of soloists, providing a non-intrusive, laid-back swing pattern. the jukebox The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of Lionel Hampton and Gene Krupa - The ANDREWS SISTERS: The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy These bands had identifiable leaders, such as Glenn Miller and the Dorsey brothers, who placed their individual stamps on their musical arrangements. Maria Schneider assisted Gil Evans, wrote for Woody Herman and Mel Lewis, and has conducted jazz orchestras around the world. Daniels, Douglas. Explain your opinion in a book review. woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up Ellington allowed individuals to retain their own identities and to expand and explore their own directions. Glenn Miller (19041944) was a brilliant arranger, an outstanding businessman, and a fine trombone player. Ellington expanded Armstrong's small Check them out, though Im sure you would already recognise many of them. Some bands were "society bands" which relied on strong ensembles but little on soloists or vocalists, such as the bands of Guy Lombardo and Paul Whiteman. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. Southwest bands offered a different solution to big band improvisational structures. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of [6] The legendary Paul Whiteman also featured a solo accordion in his ensemble. The Glenn Miller band was one of the most popular bands of the Swing Era. %PDF-1.5 % Swing was hugely popular - in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930's. It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). '20s," "HOT" JAZZ Until the political climate changes in Chile, Allende will write from her current home in Phil Spitalny, a native of Ukraine, led a 22-piece female orchestra known as Phil Spitalny and His Hour of Charm Orchestra, named for his radio show, The Hour of Charm, during the 1930s and 1940s. The first chorus of an arrangement introduces the melody and is followed by choruses of development. jazz techniques into a more heavily-arranged "big-band" white swing A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. Tucker, Sherrie. of Company B (1941). 1. The Big Bands of swing were only able to acquire one-night stand performances and consequently suffered financially. uses "call and response" Big bands uplifted morale during World War II. Kenton pushed the boundaries of big bands by combining clashing elements and by hiring arrangers whose ideas about music conflicted. instruments (Saxophone, trumpet, clarinet, trombone, flute, vibraphone, etc.). Swing bands adopted a consistent instrumentation of four sections that remained fairly stable. alto saxophone. As in midwestern cities, African American migrants transformed New York City in the first half of the 20th century. 1554 0 obj <> endobj That makes them the shrimp or Andouille sausage in the Gumbo that is swing music. Then, during the Swing Era, the sax player Coleman Hawkins changed the way jazz approached improvisation from melody to harmony (horizontal to vertical). Ra's eclectic music was played by a roster of musicians from ten to thirty and was presented as theater, with costumes, dancers, and special effects.[1]. GILLESPIE: Koko (1945). He was the recipient of a Fulbright Lecturing/Research Fellowship in Japan, where he taught courses in African American History and researched the history of jazz in Japan. He received his BA in Political Science from the University of Chicago and an M.A. intricate fast rhythms and tremendous style based on a faster, danceable beat with featured improvised solos. As jazz was expanded during the 1950s through the 1970s, the Basie and Ellington bands were still around, as were bands led by Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Lionel Hampton, Earl Hines, Les Brown, Clark Terry, and Doc Severinsen. The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of. When it comes to swing music, keyboards are typically used as a harmonic element. Keyboards are the swing band equivalent of rice in Gumbo. Lester Young & Herschel Evans. the following instruments: The Duke Ellington (18991974) proved that orchestrating jazz was an art of the highest level. And after years of economic depression, many Americans wanted to have fun. The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 19301945. shows the development of the main jazz styles in relation to other aspects of Although www.bigfishaudio.com. Asthe name of that sound suggests, Count Basie played in Kansas City. and Ph. Tenor saxophonist Lester Young (19091959) had a different approach than Hawkins and used a lighter tone. When you mentioned the word Jazz to the average person, they probably think of Swing music, and for good reason. The major "black" bands of the 1930s included, apart from Ellington's, Hines's and Calloway's, those of Jimmie Lunceford, Chick Webb, and Count Basie. In the mid-1930s, he was the featured soloist in the Basie Orchestra. trombone. [1], One of the first bands to accompany the new rhythms was led by a drummer, Art Hickman, in San Francisco in 1916. From - grooves, click The string bass replaced the tuba and the guitar replaced the banjo. art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American highly-improvisatory new style of jazz called "Bebop" was developed 1930s, jazz expanded into a "Big Band" phenomenon with Duke Ellington Congress repealed the Volstead Act, a law that prohibited the manufacture, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages, in 1933. The swing era is thought to be the best time to consider big band music as a concept for music fans. is a Professor Emeritus in the Departments of Black Studies and History, and former Chair of Black Studies and Asian American Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. It began as an intensified rhythmic outgrowth of the black Rhythm & was introduced with greater emphasis on the soloist. Music is My Mistress. Swing grew out of New Orleans Jazz and the evolved into Bebop. Examples include the Vienna Art Orchestra, founded in 1977, and the Italian Instabile Orchestra, active in the 1990s. Big bands of today are not all from an earlier era. YouTube clip with basic piano chords, click here to see a YouTube By the 1930s, these and other cities became major centers for the development of the swing style. widespread popularity of big band/swing was accelerated by the rise of dozens Some of the Piano techniques employed during the Swing Era were: A good example of this is the Count Basie song Kansas City Keys. As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. The successful bands of the Swing Era featured carefully composed arrangements that held many talented players together. Many arrangements contain an interlude, often similar in content to the introduction, inserted between some or all choruses. For this reason the pianists left hand generally just played chords on the beat; while his right hand built rhythmic patterns around chords and chord tone, and especially guide tone often just playing arpeggios or simple bluesy licks. Swing is a term often used in reference to large dance bands of 15 or more musicians that played written arrangements using improvised sections alternating with arranged passages by brass and/or reeds. All the big bands would go up there. Then circle the object of the preposition. New York was an important geographic area for the developments leading toward the swing style of jazz. clip on the basic jazz rhythm section. Louis ARMSTRONG (1900-1971): Hotter Than That (1927). endstream endobj startxref (1899-1974): The world. (Click The looser compositional forms encouraged contributions from the players. II era. The band features selections mostly from the swing era, with a dose of 50's Sinatra and 60's hipsters. Since 1960, several newer types (of the Dave Brubeck Quartet that also featured alto saxophonist Paul DESMOND), [25] Billy Strayhorn, for example, was a prolific composer and arranger, frequently collaborating with Duke Ellington, but rarely took on the role of bandleader, which was assumed by Ellington, who himself was a composer and arranger. Beacon, 2002. grooves), - And because of this, Swing had a greater emphasis on written-out composition and arrangements. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. When the tradition came back full-circle into vocal jazz with a hmk6^/,$mA% Bridging the gap to white audiences in the mid-1930s was the Casa Loma Orchestra and Benny Goodman's early band. Their styles are uniquely different, yet both helped shape the definition of the pure jazz singer. Whiteman increased the size of his band into nearly symphonic proportion. While bassists can use a bow to vibrate the strings, swing band bassists will frequently pluck the strings instead. Lead players (alto sax 1, trombone 1 and trumpet 1) should be in the middle of their sections, in a direct line with one another. Don Ellis, an excellent trumpet player and drummer, is influenced by music from India. 1560 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<10C156E632F2BA46ADA9AD0651C7900F><95985AC68A5B3B44A7FED2E54018B539>]/Index[1554 17]/Info 1553 0 R/Length 52/Prev 145355/Root 1555 0 R/Size 1571/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Jazz began in New Orleans in the Many of the great swing bands broke up, as the times and tastes changed. It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). [36]:p.31, Before 1910, social dance in America was dominated by steps such as the waltz and polka. Bandleader Charlie Barnet's recording of "Cherokee" in 1942 and "The Moose" in 1943 have been called the beginning of the bop era. While the trumpet is commonly featured in a swing band, a saxophone is also often used to enhance melodies. Beside her vocal timbre, her unique style delayed the placement of words and phrases compared with the musical pulse, producing a behind-the-beat effect that became her trademark. tenor saxophone. an improvisation: melody, harmony, and form. The Cotton Club started in Harlem before it moved downtown. The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. And what better instrument to provide a bona fide rhythm for a swing band than a set of drums? Nostalgia for the Big Band style has kept it alive today. black jazz musicians developed an. Fletchers [Henderson] band had the same elements; so did Benny Motens back in 1932, when Basie played with him., Every week they would feature a guest band at the Savoy Ballroom. black jazz musicians developed an intense Orleans musicians begin to consolidate the drum section (bass, snare, cymbals) commonly found in early New Orleans brass bands. "Duke" ELLINGTON But Chick Webbs band would cut them., The one radio voice that I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald. During the next decades, ballrooms filled with people doing the jitterbug and Lindy Hop. clarinetist, In the late 1940s, progressive (called a "chorus"). [30], Some big ensembles, like King Oliver's, played music that was half-arranged, half-improvised, often relying on head arrangements. . a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, and ingenuity. A distinctly new genre appeared in the late 1930s that to some degree bridged the differences between big band swing and bebop combos, and this was West Indian influenced music. [19], It is useful to distinguish between the roles of composer, arranger and leader. "Call and Response" was a common musical device. Duke Ellington's . A ballad is a simple song, usually romantic in nature, and uses the same melody for each stanza. style, boogie-woogie was born. Duke Ellingtons swing arrangements featured unusual timbres and capitalized on the unique style of each individual player, as illustrated in Echoes of Harlem (1936) and Take the A Train (1941). His music uses Eastern rhythms, meters, and advanced rhythmic techniques. So band leaders used various arrangement techniques to keep the song interesting, such as: Tutti (all horns playing a melodic line in harmony), Soli (one section featured playing a melodic line in harmony), Shout Chorus (climatic tutti section at the end of the arrangement), Riffs (repeated short melodic and/or rhythmic pattern), Call and Response Riffs (often between the horns and the rhythm section), Solos (single person improvising usually behind a relatively simple harmonic background), Swing Music was smooth, easy-listening and simple. HWYo8~G ("b+[:r$%_r8oFdnIt]5pu\Kr|z~+au/I8vTm3}` e Figure 3: WMU's "Gold Ella Fitzgerald, the featured vocalist of Chick Webbs Orchestra during the late 1930s, is considered to be one of the most outstanding singers of the swing era. [4] While most big bands dropped the previously common jazz clarinet from their arrangements (other than the clarinet-led orchestras of Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman), many Duke Ellington songs had clarinet parts,[5] often replacing or doubling one of the tenor saxophone parts; more rarely, Ellington would substitute baritone sax for bass clarinet, such as in "Ase's Death" from Swinging Suites. - jukebox Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band 3. But on performance day, this band of Lab rats replaces the high-tech gizmos with trumpets, saxophones, trombones, drums and a piano. In contrast to the typical jazz emphasis on improvisation, big bands relied on written compositions and arrangements. Ive listed someSwing Era Jazz musicians below. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of Which white swing clarinetist and bandleader, who spent as much of his early career as he could in Harlem, once said, "I was actually leading the life of a Negro musician"? The music of Count Basie (19041984) represents a leading voice in the big band style. Singers Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald came to the popular forefront during the swing era. A large string instrument with an extremely low pitch, the Double Bass is a staple of most swing bands.
Miller went in debt to start his band but was a millionaire within two years. Trumpets A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. But there were a few instrumental popular hits, such as Count Basie's "One O'Clock Jump" and Miller's "In the Mood." 3. Many Kansas City bands featured head arrangements, which were . performing at the same time. [33] During the 1930s, Count Basie's band often used head arrangements, as Basie said, "we just sort of start it off and the others fall in. on the chart below to go to that interactive webpage). Arrangers notated specific notes for each instrument to play in every measure on a written score. Two other musical characteristics of swing bands are a return to the use of a flat-four rhythm and the use of block chords (chords with many notes moving in parallel motion). Scat singing, along with his gravelly voice, became Armstrongs trademark sound, as heard in Lazy River (1931). This intermingling of sections became a defining characteristic of big bands. George GERSHWIN (1898-1937): Rhapsody The focus shifted away from the arranger and toward the improvising performer. Trumpet image courtesy: PJ via Wikimedia Commons, Saxophone image courtesy: via Wikimedia Commons, Keyboard image courtesy: Eurotuber via Wikimedia Commons, Double Bass image courtesy: David Price via Wikimedia Commons, Drum set image courtesy: Pbroks13 via Wikimedia Commons, Gumbo image courtesy: Amadscientist via Wikimedia Commons, For more than 10 years, The Classic Swing Band of Dallas has offered the best in live entertainment. Swing Shift: All Girl Bands of the 1940s. - a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. jazz-fusion (combining elements of jazz and rock musics). Armstrong (nicknamed "[34][35] Head arrangements were more common during the period of the 1930s because there was less turnover in personnel, giving the band members more time to rehearse. Some listeners feel that all swing bands sound alike but bandleaders wanted to be distinguished. Louis Armstrong was the first to establish vocals as a part of an instrumental tradition. Goodmans clarinet playing was a combination of great wit, precise musicianship, beautiful subtleties, and never-ending swing. Swing music began appearing in the early 1930s and was distinguished by a more supple feel than the more literal 44 of early jazz. Fitzgerald was unique in her ability to render exact imitations of nearly any instrument in the band. A versatile instrument, the saxophone is swing musics version of the Holy Trinity (celery, bell peppers and onions) used in Gumbo. bWkwf>JW'wJj_]6/?NxP]-0_wg"2;WjbuY5sujr7g/sueG>trp~ZBV7]M(//m!o/f[^fb]x>f]aX?UnAW|ng)]s? Since he could not read music, Webb memorized the arrangements. of the United States between 1920 and 1970. A general format emerged from the creation of a swing jazz arrangement. The Great Depression, which started with the stock market crash in 1929, and WWII which ended in 1945. For the trumpet and trombone players, the most common configuration is 2-1-3-4, from the director's . a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. He toured in many parts of the world and was also commissioned to record classical compositions. (String Bass or Electric Bass), plucked with the fingers, often providing a counting pattern over again for each successive variation of the pattern This expansive eclecticism characterized much of jazz after World War II. Bassists generally assumed the role of timekeeper, while drummers functioned in a dual capacity. Swing band music was organized in homophonywhere two or more instruments played similar or complementary lines. Fletcher Henderson's career started when he was persuaded to audition for a job at Club Alabam in New York City, which eventually turned into a job as bandleader at the Roseland Ballroom. She led her Swingphony while playing marimba. KC Jazz is characterised by: And because KC Jazzsongs were riff based, they were often played from memory by the band (rather than from sheet music). The methods of dance bands marked a step away from New Orleans jazz. For the sentence below, write prepositional phrase and underline the preposition. Three bypass valves over the tube can be used to lower the pitch of the trumpet. Count Basie became an Oklahoma City Blue Devil around 1929 and also played with Bennie Moten. basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C". During the 1960s and '70s, Sun Ra and his Arketstra took big bands further out. Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. The group emphasized correct technique and accurate playing and released its first recording in 1930. the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band Hot Swing (people like Duke Ellington) was more daring, experimental, faster, with longer improvisations, stronger rhythmic drive, and a rough blues feeling.

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