[82] The Portuguese are said to have arrived in masted ships. Oral tradition holds that a type of clothing known as "Itu ita" was the earliest fabric imported into Old Calabar. Large amounts of pepper was also uncommon in Efik cuisines. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. And there are definitely more than 10 Ekpe members still around today. What's significant about the black fraternities and sororities in America is that they also trace part of their lineage to the Ekpe society of southeastern Nigeria. To be a member, one must be a part of Yoruba nobility. The group is gaining grounds as it seems to incessantly predict the total destruction of the planet earth. [49] Several events at Creek town later led to a wave of migration from Creek town to Duke town. This is: After his "second birth", Waiyaki is brought to a sacred grove where: After the episode in the sacred grove, Waiyaki disappears from his home to: The two daughters of Joshua, Nyambura and Muthoni, have both been forbidden by their father to: Waiyaki tries to heal the conflict between the two ridges by: Waiyaki fails to achieve his goals because: The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you, Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death, Joshua Project Efik of Nigeria Ethnic People Profile, Souvenir Programme of the Coronation Service of His Royal Highness Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V, Obong of Calabar and Paramount Ruler of the Efiks, Abridgement of the minutes of the evidence, "Souvenir programme of the Coronation of Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V", "Cross river as a model for the evolution of Benue-Congo nominal class/concord systems", https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092842/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/pa-effiong-ukpong-aye-1918-2012/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efik_people&oldid=1131332439, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 January 2023, at 17:46. The Efik Language and Its Future. [44] LEFT Ezillo man drawing a grid pattern to be filled with nsibidi designs, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. The paper critically examined the Ekpe society in its indigenous form and nature prior the advent of Christianity, Western education and Western influence. What is a Free Agent "A free agent is one who isn't privileged with even one pure Leopard spiritline from the survivors of the Great Attempt. The Efik people speak the Efik language, which is a BenueCongo language of the Cross River family. nineteenth centuries, no large kingdoms controlled Nigeria and Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. Cow meat was also consumed but the Efik native cow was rarely eaten or milked by the Efik. [49] Prior to the arrival of the Efiom Ekpo group, oral tradition has it that when some Efik migrated to Creek town from Ndodoghi, The Enwang did not join them but migrated to the present site of Duke town. At least in the past, very large sums were paid to attain these upper levels. The cloth is made of plain cotton but transformed into a ritual object when nsibidi symbols are inscribed onto it through indigo dyeing. In The River Between, Waiyaki's father, Chege, is: The new, white man's religion is represented by the: Early in the story, Waiyaki undergoes his "second birth". They came from Mbiak Creek in Ibibio country. One theory propounded by Okon and Nkpanam Ekereke asserts that the term "Efuk" was a word of defiance and an expression used by the Ibibio man when in a fit of rage. (Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death). During his research, Miller has identified many cultural links between Africa and the Americas, particularly between Cuba, Nigeria and Cameroon, which share a common heritage. In the Song of Ocol, Lawino's husband gives his side, arguing that: Ocol throws Lawino out of his house because: Ocol says that "__________________________ are chains around the neck, chains of slavery". [33] When the husband of the Uruan woman learnt of the issue, he wanted to fight the Efik. kp had four major roles in pre-colonial life. [38] The Efik bard Adiaha Etim Anua recites in her 1910 ballad that "Mkpana Ndodoghi Edik. Nsibidi is a body of ideographic, abstract, and gestural signs deployed by the Ekpe society as a form of coded communication. The Sunjata Epic is usually understood to tell the story of: the rise and fall of the seven Nubian (Kushite) kings. Due to the number of unfortunate incidents at Ikpa Ene and Ndodoghi, the Efik sought to leave these islands. At Creek town, the Efik ruler was Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo who had a number of children including Nsa Efiom, Edem Efiom, Okoho Efiom and Odo Efiom. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. [57] The diary of Antera Duke, an Efik, is the only surviving record from an African slave-trading house. [37] When the Efik realised what was going on, they rose to their feet and fought back. [69] On the appending of the Ekpe institution to its list of secret societies, the Ekpe society was reformed and adapted to suit the needs of the Efik people. [32] Oku adds that the Uruan were adverse to the Efik custom of burying strangers with their dead and did not share in the practice carried out by the Efik. That is why Sisiku Ojong Orock after consultation with the other Ekpe members and Sisiku Mfonten Mbu decided to acquire his own Nkanda Lodge in April 2003. [33][35] The Efik came to her defence and the dispute escalataed[34] Legend has it that this was the last straw that led to the Uruan-Efik war (known in Efik as Ek Abasi-Anwan) which led to the exit of the Efik from the Uruan country. As a child, Sunjata at first looks unpromising because: In one of the most dramatic episodes in the Sunjata Epic, Sunjata first begins to demonstrate his extraordinary abilities when he: avenges an insult to his mother by uprooting a tree and placing it in front of her house. Although Behrendt and Graham reveal that Calabar had been a major trading port since the first half of the seventeenth century, Efik historians such as Aye assert that the Efik had been trading with the Europeans since the last quarter of the 15th century. My party of 4 spent $400 at Space 220 in Disney World. Sunjata's sister, Kolonkan, angers her younger brother Manding Bori when she: uses her powers to take the internal organs from animals he and his brothers killed, without cutting the animals open. Adire Adire means 'tie and dye' in Yoruba. The Amama often appropriate hundreds of acres of palm trees for their own use and, with the profits they earn, ensure that their sons achieve comparable rank, which has the effect of limiting access to economic gain for other members of the community. Sisiku Ojong-Orock was born on Saturday October 2nd, 1948 in Ogomoko Village,Eyumojock Sub-Division, Manyu Division in the Republic of Cameroon, West Africa. . [77] Women wore a number of brass rings on their legs and arms. Due to the Obutong massacre of 1765 and several other incidents, the Ekpe society of Old Calabar was transformed into the Abaku cult in Cuba, the Bonk cult in Bioko and the Abakuya dance in mainland Equatorial Guinea. Copyright Dr. Ivor L. Miller. The year 1841 marked the official signing of papers by Efik kings to stop the exportation of slaves from Old Calabar. In a Somali tale, the main character, Eghal Shillet, is: a braggart and coward who finds every possible excuse to avoid going into battle. . 2017). Our newsletter gives you access to a curated selection of the most important stories daily. It is a male-only society, and members are bound by secrecy. Among the Southern Igbo, the Ekpe society, introduced from the Cross River area, uses contrasting masks to represent the maiden spirit and the elephant spirit, the latter representing ugliness and aggression and the former representing beauty and peacefulness. [19] Oku attests that it was the attack on the Efik that made them decide to leave Ikpa Ene as they realised they were still too close to their enemies. History The Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. It is also found among a number of other ethnic groups, including the Bahumono of the Cross River State, the Ibibio, the Uruan and the Oron of Akwa Ibom State, Arochukwu and some other parts of Abia State, as well as in the diaspora, such as in Cuba and Brazil. Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. Simple theme. Children of Efik maternal descent are still regarded as Efik and have contributed to the development of the Efik society. The term "Calabar people" was particularly popular prior to the nineteenth century and was synonymous to the Efik.[6]. [33][34] Abasi is said to have borrowed an axe from an Uruan woman and had broken the axe. Ekpe translates to Leopard in the Efik language and is believed to be a spirit that resides in the forest. Sunjata's victory against Sumaworo comes in part because: Sumaworo loses the support of his nephew, Fakoli. One account narrates that the Mbiabo group left first to their present location while the Iboku, Enwang and other clans were still at Ndodoghi. This material is believed to have been imported by the Portuguese (Oboriki). Abakua is an Afro-Cuban mens secret society related to the Ekpe. Historians recognize the advent and rapid rise of Ekpe as a direct result of a need for a new and effective mechanism of sociopolitical control in the complex economic environment created by the Atlantic slave trade. The Ekpe society had become, by the time Antera Duke began his diary in 1785, the Efik's primary socio-political institution. Photo by Eli Bentor. What I want for dollar side is a fine coat and sword all same I tell you and the rest in copper rods. [58] Antera Duke also known as Ntiero Edem Efiom was an Efik trader whose diary reveals several daily activities in Old Calabar between 1785 and 1788. According to Simmons, "Most Informants maintain that the first people to Inhabit Creek Town were Efut fishermen from the southern Cameroons. Talbot asserts that a great cotton tree had fallen down on many of the Abayen and in their pride of numbers, they believed they could hold the cotton tree. The first letter of the word is correctly written as "" and denotes plurality. Jeffreys also stated, "There is reason to believe that a considerable portion of a small Ibibio clan called Ebrutu or Eburutu was the earliest stock of the Efik; for, when the missionaries settled in 1846 at Old Calabar amongst these people for the first time, it was found that they called themselves not Efik but Ebrutu or Ebrutu Efik. Ekpe Society 1st Conclave from Sept 16 to 17 2009, Ekpe DC Sessekou relaxing during the conclave, Ekpe Society members with Justice Hilman Egbe at a MECA DC meeting. In part because of their appropriation, exclusive use, and understanding of nsibidi, Ekpe members in the pre-colonial past were thought to have access to the spiritual realm and were, therefore, empowered to make and enforce societal rules and norms. The society is not a 'secret society or a cult,'3 what is secret is the representations of its emblem in material symbol - the ekpe stone and the nsibidi (sign language). [74][75] The earliest documented letter to an English captain from a chief of Old Calabar was written in 1770. While some explorers describe the Efik as travellers who past through the Ibibio country, others assert that the Efik are of Ibibio stock. Due to the volume of cultural exchange, many other ethnic groups have often been regarded as being one with the Efik such as Kiong and Efut. [59] Ekpe is first mentioned in the historical literature of Old Calabar in the 1770s. and Dahomean towns, and among the tribes of Congo and the Cameroon.17 According to the same author, Ngbe, was another society influenced by the Ekoi and originally considered Egb [Ekp]. [61] Due to the fall in global demand for slaves and several other factors, the kings and chiefs of Old Calabar wrote to the British requesting that they send teachers and missionaries to Old Calabar to establish industries and introduce the religion of the white man to them. Among these secret societies were Ekpe, Obon and Nsibidi. Ekpe members request nsibidi designs of personal or communal significance. Covering, concealing, and protecting their bodies, it functions as a physical metaphor for the ideological secrecy that the Ekpe society carefully constructs and guards. A reconsideration of kp and Abaku suggests an agenda for the study of kp in diaspora from a different perspective. Mr. . kp lodges ruled local communities while also managing regional and long-distance trade. Aye in 2000 does not mention the Efut as being the primary occupants. Ekpe cult, the leopard cult, and a male masquerade cult of the Efik, in cross river state of Nigeria, followed by Doomsday cult (prediction of total destruction of planet earth), then the. Goldie describes Eburutu as a country that consists of various ethnic groups. The Efik in Nigeria have Nkanda as the basic Ekpe whereas, in Cameroon we have Ekpe as the starting point in Ekpe. of Bamum, of Cameroon in his kingly attire seated on the throne with his chiefs flanked round him (Plate 2). On behalf of Ekpe-USA Leadership, I hereby remind every member of Ngbe who has taken the aoth that our fathers and great grand fathers took to uphold those sacred traditions and beliefs, to immediately start preparations to do what they must do to send our brother to join our ancestors. Having associated broadly with foreigners in the pre-colonial era and . [67] Communities within the Calabar metropolis such as Efut, Kiong and Qua also speak and understand the Efik language. One of such accounts was given at a court case by Prince Bassey Duke in 1917 where he stated, "The Efiks were originally Ibo descendants. Ukara cloth, an indigo stitched and dyed cloth is significant to the people of Igbo land. [19], The Ibibio origin of the Efik is one of the most popular among scholars. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Calabar. Ekpe masquerade [1], Its members are only men and are played on special occasion. Also join us across all of our other channels - we love to be connected! Right now, Ekpe . Residents in Ekpe villages often go to the group to help them seek justice when theyve been wronged. The instruments above are particularly important to our study of the Sunjata because: they are the traditional instruments of the jeliw who tell the story in public performance. In Amos Tutuola's The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator leaves his home and begins his adventure in the bush when: In the excerpt that we read from The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator and his wife encounter: In the Song of Lawino, by Okot p'Bitek, a woman speaks to: Lawino's husband's new wife is called _______________________(Either of two possible answers) in the text. a king whose attempts to have a special son lead him to make bargains with one Islamic missionary and two noble travelers. [9][38] The Adiabo group is believed to have left to their present location after the Mbiabo exodus. The Freemasonry's affiliation to the Imhotep is clearly evident and this is probably why they are accused of several conspiracy theories, since their objective is geared towards the restructuring and controlling of global affairs. [37] The items believed to have been taken include Ikpaya (woven raffia robe), Akata (throne) and Ayang (Broom). Animals such as goats, chicken and dogs are consumed in Efik cuisine. Iboku, Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. Determine the meaning of the italicized word in each sentence by examining the context. A list of some of Africa's most prominent cults and secret societies of all time. With the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, a number of foreign clothes were introduced into Efik society. Iwewe is a type of boiled yam mashed with a small amount of palm oil and stirred with a spoon. Wake Keeping, Viewing and service in Dallas, Texas. The Ekpe society is estimated by most foreign scholars to have been introduced into Old Calabar in the 18th century. Jeffreys states that a disruption among the Okobo around the town of Ekeya in the Eket district led to the founding of Obutong. "[35] Simmons assertion which was made in his 1958 dissertation is similarly reiterated at the Hart's enquiry in 1964 by chiefs such as Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong. Prior to the arrival of the missionaries in 1846, many Efik traders were fluent in English and a number of African and European languages. The three most popular theories include an Igbo origin, Ibibio origin and Palestinian origin. At Ughoton, to the southwest of Benin, a different type of mask is used, in the cult. [11] Ibonda (an Efut clan) has sometimes been appended to Adiabo as one of the seven Efik clans. The story of The River Between by Ngugi wa Thiong'o, takes place in _________________ (name of present-day country) in the mid 1800's. Plenty sugar cane live here and if some man must come for teach book proper, and make all men saby God like white man, and then we go on for same fashion. Several accounts have been narrated on the migration of the Efik before their arrival at Old Calabar. Some of the oldest of these societies were Nyana Nyaku and Nsibidi. Gelede Egbe: Yoruba Women's Sacred Society. Prior to Akak, the theory were proposed at the Hart's enquiry by Chief Offiong Abasi Ntiero Effiwatt and Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku.[25][26]. cherryblossom wrote on watzinaname's profile. Her behavior at the board meeting was obsequious\mathit{obsequious}obsequious; for example, she actually offered to wash the company president's car! Aye and Eyo Okon Akak. [54] The name "Agbisherea" (also known as Egbosherry) appended in the names of the two kings listed by Barbot, was the name of the country, on the coast of which they traded from. Dropping by to say, "Hi!" This created a need for Ekpe DC to have a full Ayamba Nkanda (Nkanda Chief). This site uses cookies to help personalize content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. [78] Raffia palm clothing (Efik: f Ndam) could also be exported from other communities especially when a community made the best raffia clothing. [12], The Efik were noted for their involvement in the slave trade were they acted as slave traders and middlemen between the inland slave traders and the Europeans. After the decline of the slave trade, the Efik transitioned into the business of exporting palm oil from the Cross river. Welcome, Love, Peace and Unity in Nsibidi. [32] Aye argues that the Efik could not have taken the royal emblem of the Uruan people as they would have already had their own royal emblem. Formerly the society earned a bad reputation due to what the British viewed as the barbarous customs that were intermingled with its rites. Body art plays a major role in Ibibio art. It is not just because of its spiritual or cultic functions but for the fact that the institution was a pre-colonial police judiciary system (Bassey, 1998). Here is a list of some of Africa's most prominent cults of all time: The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the initiation society called kp, or "leopard," which was the highest indigenous authority. Ukara cloth also consecrates the interior of Ekpe lodges, where larger versions of the cloth hang as backdrops. Hope all is well. Colonial Anthropologist M.D.W. The symbols are arranged in a grid, giving the cloths an orderly, symmetrical quality that is often reinforced by repeated patterns. They use a variety of masks to execute social control. It is uncertain the specific year that the Efik arrived Creek Town. The kp ("leopard") society represents an ancient African institution that provided the supreme functions of governance in the communal societies of the forest regions of the Cross-River basin and the hilly terrain to the east, in what is called today southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. The primary society is located in the Cross River, Akwa Ibom and Arochukwu areas of Nigeria, and the secondary society consists of members from the Southern and Eastern Igbo groups of the same country. [82] The name Itu ita translates to three manatees and is named because the masts of the ship resembled the manatee (Itu). These are: the oral historians, kings' advisors, poets, and musicians whose power is the ability to manipulate words. Ekpe" which literally means Lion, is a traditional secret society originated from the Ekoi tribe in Cross River State. There are said to be at least three mass migration from Ndodoghi. [47] On the founding of Obutong, Colonial anthropologist M.D.W. [33] Abasi's husband insisted that the problem should be resolved by the chiefs. Oral tradition has it that the Efik arrived Uruan in four groups i.e. [65] Cannons were shot at the town and every house was levelled to the ground. Archaeological evidence found that the group was extremely advanced in education for its time, and headed the construction of the Valley of the Kings. [23][24], The Oriental original is most popular among indigenous Efik historians such as E.U. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago (E.O.Efiong-Fuller, 1996). The Ekpe society requires that its initiates sponsor feasts for the town, which foster the appearance of the redistribution of wealth by providing the poor with food and drink. Due to the role they played during the era of the triangular trade, their prominence in literature and art, there has been a lot of academic scholarship on the people. authority as head of the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society. [61] These papers were signed by the reigning monarchs of Creek town and Duke town who were Eyo Honesty II and Eyamba V.[61] King Eyamba and King Eyo had written letters to the British requesting that they bring in teachers to teach them trade and commerce and missionaries to aid them to know more about God. Original African systems of recording information in symbols include the Nsibidi script, of the Ekpe society of the Ejagham of Cameroon and Nigeria. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the James Beale Horton made a similar assertion in 1868 where he asserted that all the communities of the Niger-delta are traced to the Igbo. [52] On the death of Chief Willy Tom Robins, a number of rituals were performed. (b) Analyze Cause and Effect: What events prevent their success? Ethnographic - (Head crest, Ejagham People): Worn by a member of the Ekpe Society to intimidate and punish anyone who has broken tribal law. JavaScript is disabled. [76] Palm wine is acquired by making an incision on the palm tree, a process known as "tapping". The presentation, by Ekpe members from Cameroon, Nigeria and Cuba was arranged by Chief Dr. Ivor Miller and coordinated by Sessekous Ojong-Orock, Joseph Mbu and Mbe Tazi. Efik society consists of various clans which were originally known as "Esien Efik itiaba" (English: Seven clans of Efik) and later known in the 21st century as "Esien Efik Duopeba" (English: Twelve clans of Efik). We thank you too much for what thing you come do for keep thing right. There are different narratives on the arrival of the Efik at Creek Town. [47], By the seventeenth century, more Efik settlements had been founded. Explain. The Oroko (also Bareka/Batekka) are an ethnic group in Cameroon.They belong to the coastal Bantu group, widely known as Sawa, and primarily occupy the Ndian and Meme divisions of the Southwest Region of Cameroon.The people predominantly speak Oroko, English, and Cameroon Pidgin English.The Oroko are related to several ethnic groups (or tribes) in Cameroon's coastal areas, with whom they share . [52] The missionaries respected the native law but the European Captains acted rashly and desired that an example be set on Obutong. Origin Nsibidi symbols which are indigenous to Igbo, Ibibio, Efik, Annang and Ekoi/Ejagham members of the Ekpe society. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Prior to the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, the Efik had experienced a series of migration before their arrival along the coasts of Old Calabar. Social importance is attached to the highest ranks of Ekpe-men, called the Amama. The images, ideology, and secrecy associated with kp have been studied for more than one hundred years, and yet crucial features of the history of kp and its transformation have been neglected. identity. (a) What are the Clowns trying to accomplish in this scene? The Ekale and their famous shaking shoulders performing at the "Under the Volcano Festival", Limbe Cameroon. The area from which the Sunjata Epic comes was historically: the geographical location of the great medieval African kingdoms - Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. The Ekpo society uses black masks, often of naturalistic appearance and with movable jaws, to maintain social order and propitiate the ancestors; some of these masks represent disease and deformity. Ikpa Ene was a virgin island on the banks of the Cross river. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community.. Now we can't sell slaves again we must have too much man for country; and want something for make work and trade, and if we could get seed for cotton and coffee we could make trade. [48] Jeffreys theory is unpopular with a large majority of the Efik. [73] The Efik native cow (English: Ena Efk) was regarded with some amount of reverence and was mainly killed on rare occasions such as the festival for the installation of a new priest king. Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Society features the ukara cloth, a composite signifier of authority, prestige, sacrality, difference, and social mobility in the Ekpe secret society in the Cross river basin encompassing southeastern Nigeria and parts of Cameroon. One theory asserts that Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai and other co-founders founded Obutong after one of Eyo Ema's people was killed during a wrestling match with Ukpong Atai at Creek town. This is evident in a testimony by Isaac Parker, a ship-keeper who lived at Duke town in 1765 for 5 months. The article was a not-so-deep exploration of indigenous African writing systems and languages. Due to the peregrinations of Efik traders across the lower Cross River region, The Efik language was regarded as the language of commerce in the Cross river region. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In this light, the Cameroon National Council of Traditional Rulers would be a welcomed . They believed feasting on a human strengthened their bonds. It may not display this or other websites correctly. Some meals have been mentioned often in the 19th century historical literature of Old Calabar. Among the earliest proponents of the Ibibio origin theory are Consul Hutchinson who stated, "The present inhabitants of Duke town, Old town and Creek town are descendants of the Egbo shary or Ibibio tribe up the Cross River. The missionaries who arrived in 1846 contributed to the changes in women's attire in Efik society. There are two distinct but related societies. After the tapping process, the wine is left to ferment for five hours. [67] As of 1877, Alexander Ross reported that thirteen towns in the Cameroon region speak Efik and had an aggregate population of about 22,000. [32] The Efik having pity on these men gave them food and showed them hospitality. The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. I was very poorno job and I has no money to even feed and take care of myfamily I was confuse in life I dont know what to do I try allmy possible best to get money but no one work out for meeach day I share tears, I was just looking out my family nomoney to take care of them until one day I decided to jointhe great Illuminati , I come across them in the internet Inever believe I said let me try I email them.all what theysaid we happen in my life just started it was like a dream tome they really change my story totally . [52] The Captains wrote the acting consul who was stationed at Fernando Po. Collection of Eli Bentor. According to Asuquo, Asibong Eso of Obutong was Old King Robin; Ekpenyong Efa of Adiabo was King John; Ani Eniang Nkot of Mbiabo Ikoneto was Robin King Agbisherea; Oku Ukpong Eton Ani of Mbiabo Ikot Offiong was William King Agbisherea; while Ukorebi Neneng Esien Ndem Ndem of Obomitiat Ikoneto was King Ebrero[55]. Here's a look inside. In the culture we have discussed, the term dalilu refers to: an individual's personal power, knowledge, or ability, inborn but enhanced and developed through training and experience. One of the most important castes in this society is the jeli caste. The process of creating this richly symbolic cloth is laborious. I Am Niki Buroro Agbor Ekpe Jerome a holder of a professional Masters in Forestry and wildlife Engineering with focus on Protected Area Management, Masters of Science in Forest Governance and policies from University of Dschang and Professional Masters in Environmental Science (ESIA) university of Yaounde 1. Aye provides the following names among these priest-kings including Ema Atai Iboku, Ekpe Atai Iboku, Ukpong Atai Iboku.

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