To ascertain a coins market value it is important to focus on the quality of the coin how well it was originally struck (made). How much damage has the coin sustained over years of use? 1944 Lincoln wheat cents were made with metal recycled from ammunition shells. The 1922 penny, which does not have a D (Denver mint) mint mark, is the result of a flaw in the mints process that caused the D to be missing. Thank you for your question! 1922 Plain Lincoln Cent. . At a pawn shop, collectors can pay premium values for high-grade 1942 pennies. You can tell whether you penny is made from copper or steel by holding a magnet to it. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[468,60],'remodelormove_com-leader-4','ezslot_23',166,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-remodelormove_com-leader-4-0');The wheat pennies that are the rarest are the 1909-S VDB, 1914-D, 1922 (no D), 1924-D, 1931-S, and 1943-S. Would you please try again, using a jpeg photo file under 2 MB? These include Sothebys, Stacks Bowers, and Teletrade. Composition: 95% copper, 5% zinc. While it's not an easy task by any means, there are multiple ways to go aboutfinding rare coins. If the penny has a D mint mark (indicating it was minted in Denver) it could be worth $2. When it comes to the 1944-S steel cent, it is worth $399,637 in average condition and could be worth more than $1.11million in an MS63 grade, according toUSA Coin Book. In fact, theres about a half-gram difference, which is easily measurable on a coin scale. However, getting a 1944 steel cent authenticated requires several layers of diagnostic testing an is best done by a third-party coin grading company. Mintage. (Melbourne mint variety). Off-centered strikes create a lopsided appearance, where the head of Lincoln or other part of the design is not centered in the coin, and one side is larger than the other. However, people complained that these pennies were not strong enough to use as regular currency because they eroded quickly. I have a 1944 wheat penny. Hello i have a 1944 no mint wheat penny and upon a closer look with magnifying glass it seems to have tiny holes on the back that are not noticeable with the eye. But some may not be aware of the steel penny and what it could be worth. Fingers crossed! Copper was in short supply because it was needed for ammunitions purposes during the war. With these resources, you can make an informed decision as to the approximate value of your 1944 wheat penny. 1955 Doubled Die . Its value ranges from 15 cents to 35 cents, but it could be worth way more than that, depending on its qualities. If the penny does not have a mintmark then it was minted in Philly. 1935 Lincoln wheat pennies: https://coinvalues.com/wheat-pennies/1935 1-1969 D During World War II, pennies were produced using steel with a zinc coating. It's because of a low rarity level. I would upload a picture but it doesnt give me an option to. The 1944 steel wheat pennies are a combination of leftover steel and copper. It is worth significantly more than its face value in any condition. Interestingly, there is a significant off-metal error from 1944, and that is the 1944 steel Penny an inadvertent striking that presumably occurred when some 1943 steel Planchets were left behind in the hoppers that feed coin blanks through the striking machinery at the U.S. Mint. The 1944 wheat penny diameter is 19 millimeters across. If you have a 1994 wheat penny in your possession or you would like to buy one to add to your collection, you first need to be able to positively identify this coin. A genuine 1944 wheat penny will bear the portrait of Abraham Lincoln on the head (obverse) side of the coin. If you could post a couple of photos that would help. Answer (1 of 7): There are two basic kinds of 1944 penny: those made from steel, and those made from copper. 1-1970 D 2-1944 D Wheat pennies Pawn Stars. There are also countless 1944 copper pennies that have been covered in zinc plating but, as you might have guessed, there would be a great weight discrepancy between a steel cent and its heavier sibling, the copper cent. This penny is also worth much more than face value. Hence, when searching for this edition you may find it called the 1944 steel Lincoln penny instead. I have a 1944 steel Lincoln wheat penny would like to see what it would be worth. Condition The condition of your 1944 penny is a major factor in determining its value. 1969-S Lincoln Penny-Doubled Die Obverse. Yes, as listed above, circulated 1944 Lincoln wheat cents (including those like yours, which have a "D" mintmark indicating its origin at the Denver Mint) are worth 10 to 20 cents. When it comes to evaluating 1943 Lincoln cents, the . Find out more here. In other news for the 1944 Lincoln Penny, production figures were extraordinarily high, with about two billion one-cent coins made across all three mints operating in 1944; approximately 1,435,000,000 at the Philadelphia Mint; 430,578,000 at the Denver Mint (D); and 282,760,000 at the San Francisco Mint (S). If both of your Lincoln steel cents are magnetic, then that is normal and they are worth 10 to 25 cents each in circulated condition. While it is a rare item, its actual value is much less. You will find the approximate value of your 1943-D cent here: https://coinvalues.com/wheat-pennies/1943 The Denver mint struck 430,578,000 coins with the "D" mint mark. These sources describe railroad hopper cars full of shell casings arriving at the Philadelphia Mint. PCGS has many different coin apps . It would be helpful if you would please upload a photo of your 1944 Lincoln cent with missing ME so I can better assist you. This video is all about the 1944 Penny. The actual wheat stalks are positioned to the right and left sides edges of the coin. Ultimately, wheat pennies of any kind can be considered valuable, however the worth of any given coin is determined by its grade, condition, and rarity. While 1943 copper cents weigh about 3.11 grams and don't stick to a magnet, the more common steel cents (which weigh 2.7 grams) adhere to a magnet. Regardless, one thing is, Read More The 1982 Penny Value Chart (Most Valuable Penny Sold for $18,800)Continue, With coin collectingas with all types of collectingolder is always better. Whether you want to sell it, buy it, or simply find out more you need to be able to tell if its the real deal or not. In an August 2007 auction, a 1944 D Lincoln steel cent graded in MS63sold for $115,000, according to PCGS. And on the front, above the date, is a marking that almost resembles an A? The most valuable of the wheat pennies is the 1944-S Wheat Penny, which was minted at the San Francisco mint. Copper 1944 wheat pennies with no mint marks, D mint marks, and S mint marks are found all over the place. When it comes to valuing the 1944 steel wheat penny the mint mark, condition and rarity are the key factors which will dictate the overall value. Steel pennies were only made in 1943 and 1944, and are highly sought after for their rarity and historical value. However, the slight visual differences between 1944-1946 Lincoln cents and copper cents from other years in the Lincoln Wheat Penny series are only distinct among uncirculated coins. Genuine 1944 pennies without any mint mark were minted in the Philadelphia mint. Would you please post a photo of your 1944-S penny here? Fine. $115,000! Using a sensitive mini scale is useful for accurate weighing. It is one of the famous Lincoln coins, and can fetch a high price at auction depending on the version you have. I have a 1944 copper wheat penny thats overstruck on the back,is it worth anything? One in good condition can fetch $100-500. Also it seems to have unusual imprints on Lincolns face. Read on to find out what makes these 16 coins the most valuable U.S. pennies, based on over 250,000 public records and auction sales figures. Today we are going to be learning the ins and outs of this coin, including its history and the context in which the c. More than 2 billion wheat pennies were made in 1944, but that doesnt mean that there arent important 1944 Lincoln cents that are worth a lot of money. In the case of the 1943 copper cent, often bona fide 1948 cents are manipulated. What Is the Value of a 1943 Copper Penny? Idk How much is it worth? Your email address will not be published. This was still far better than the previous year, when the War Production Board refused to let the US Mint have any copper at all, forcing them to make Lincoln cents out of zinc-coated steel. You can tell whether you penny is made from copper or steel by holding a magnet to it. You can use the upload button below the text form, but it's better to post in our forum: https://coinvalues.com/forum, I have a 1920 1922 1942 1944 1946 1958 wheat pennies can you please tell me they're worth. Grading the 1944 Lincoln Penny. A 1944 wheat penny is considered rare because they were not made with a large mintage. It can be fairly easy to evaluate a coin yourself to get an idea of how much it is worth. However, some of the new copper was mixed in with steel blanks that were left over from production during the war. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[580,400],'remodelormove_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',156,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-remodelormove_com-medrectangle-4-0'); The 1944 wheat penny would be incredibly rare and valuable with this mint mark and can be worth hundreds of thousands of dollars. Another possibility is that some planchets for Belgian two-franc coins (which the Philadelphia mint briefly made for the European nation) were accidentally struck with the Lincoln cent dies. These pennies were made at the Denver Mint from a die that accidentally had an S mintmark (for San Francisco) punched into them. 1-1935 S Wheat penny , would my coin worth something? This coin is notable for its copper and zinc combination the wheat pennies which came before were crafted from copper zinc and tin. Buying rare and valuable pennies online is relatively easy if you know what you are looking for. 1944 wheat pennies have become a favorite of collectors, and its not uncommon for years to pass between when the same coin is made available for purchase. Genuine 1944 pennies without any mint mark were minted in the Philadelphia mint. In fact, the very valuable "twin" to the rare 1943 copper cent was born in 1944. You . (Rare One Sold for $1,000+), 14 Most Valuable Haviland China Round-Up List (Sold For $14,000 In October 2021), Most Valuable Seth Thomas Clocks (Worth From $200 to $4,000+). Therefore, any wheat penny from these years and these two mint marks in MS63 or higher condition is highly desirable. a few week ago i picked up a coin which is 1944 can you tell me if it worth anything? Here, we will equip you with information about the 1944 wheat penny, and its key features such as mint marks and errors. Additionally, the high demand for these coins due to their rarity has caused their value to increase substantially over the years. For a common, circulated 1944 copper wheat penny you probably couldn't get much more than 10. More Wheat cents were made in 1944 than any other year -- more than 2.1 billion across all three Mints. ), The 1982 Penny Value Chart (Most Valuable Penny Sold for $18,800), Most Valuable Antique and Vintage Vases: Identifying, Valuing and Buying (2023 Updated), A Detailed Outlook on the 2000 Sacagawea Dollar Value, Antique Floor Lamp: Identification, Valuation, And Buying Guide (2023 Updated), Good lowest market value, heavy damage, difficult to make out the lettering and patterns. Only a couple dozen pieces were made and exist today, and each is worth about $100,000. The 1944 wheat penny diameter is 19 millimeters across. These in particular are noted for their increased eye appeal. 1924 D Wheat Penny. Sutton not only enjoyed the best year of his career, but he also arguably played like a top-10 cornerback. 2-1946 D Wheat pennies Thanks in advance, You would have to take them to a licensed coin grader for them to be appraised, and very possibly, slabbed for insurance purposes. Likewise, if you find an S beneath 1944, the penny was minted at the San Francisco mint. Information on it. 3-1944 Wheat pennies 1944 Half Dollar Value Chart (Ms 68 Is Estimated To Cost Up To $42,000), 1944 Quarter Value Chart (Worth As Much As $16,800), 1944 Dime Value Chart (Worth As Much As $11,750 ), 10 Most Valuable Lefton China Pieces (Rarest Sold For $1,295), Antique Cast Iron Stoves Value (Rarest & Most Valuable is Selling for $24,500), 1920 Singer Sewing Machine Value (Rarest Sold For $3,000), Most Valuable 1934 20 Dollar Bill (Rarest Sold For $40,800), 4 Most Valuable Antique Typewriter (Rarest Sold For $110,059), Antique Ruby Rings Value (Rarest & Most Valuable Sold For $2.6 Million), Antique Cast Iron Toy Value (Rarest & Most Valuable Sold For $13,500), Top 10 Antique Stores in Connecticut [Update 2023], THE 10 BEST Pennsylvania Antique Stores (with Photos), 10 Best Antiques Near Me in Fort Worth, TX, The 13 Most Valuable Disney Pins (Rarest Sold For $10,000), Most Valuable Rare Hummel Figurines (Rarest Sold For $5000+), 1941 Penny Value Chart (Worth Million Dollars? Real Experiences. 1943 Bronze Lincoln Cent. The 1943 copper penny is extremely rare and valuable. There are other, very rare, silvery wrong-planchet 1944 Lincoln cents out there that you might stumble upon, if youre lucky. The 1909-S and 1914-D have the distinction of being the only wheat pennies minted at the San Francisco and Denver Mints, respectively. Lacking a mint marking, as it was never meant to be released for circulation, the 1944 Steel Wheat Penny will set a buyer back $77,234 to $110,334, depending on the coins . Manage Settings Hi, Rosa - Face Value. both stick to magnetic, trying to see if they are worth anything. penny from 1943.s 1944 1945.1919 some silver an so copper who or how . HOW DO I LOAD PIC ON THIS SITE ?!?!?!? Average value: 1944 wheat penny no mint mark: Good. For instance, a 1944 penny in certified mint state (MS+) condition can fetch between $6 and $8 at an auction. Some other things you can try include using a metal detector in known areas for buried treasure and by stopping by your local bank branch and asking for a wrapper of pennies. Basically in mint condition with only perhaps some natural discoloration, highest market value. Why is it famous? Dont be afraid to ask questions to find out more most coin enthusiasts are happy to share information and spread their knowledge. You Could Find This Rare Penny In Your Pocket Change Heres What To Look For. This change in composition created a unique looking coin that has since become very popular with collectors. Here's a list of the top 10 most valuable pennies for 2023: 1) 1944 Steel Wheat Penny - $408,000. Next, you can evaluate the level of preservation. The most valuable 1944 penny is a 1944 Steel Wheat Penny. shows Britannia seated facing right, wearing a helmet, and holding a trident. Basically in mint condition with only perhaps some natural discoloration, highest market value. A badly damaged and worn coin is lower quality and will lower the value. Collector quality coins from these mints and years are highly sought after, particularly in the higher grades. Shell casing Wheat cents can sometimes display a brighter color than a normal bronze cent. Your text to link. 1944 marked the end of the emergency WWII production of the 1943 steel penny. So, expect them to have a low market value. For instance, a 1944-S Lincoln wheat cent graded MS67Rd, sold for $3,290 in 2016. We would need to please see a photo of this coin to verify, so please post a topic in the forum. If it's in extremely good condition (near mint) then maybe worth $1.00. They will use a series of diagnostic factors and tests to determine if your 1944 steel penny or 1943 copper cent are real. 1944 steel wheat pennies are the rarest kind of 1944 wheat penny, and can fetch an incredibly high price at auction. The 1944 D steel penny in average condition can be worth $34,000, while those with no mint mark in average condition are worth around $28,000. If it's Uncirculated, expect it to be priced at around 35 cents. The Philadelphia 1944 wheat penny accounts for over half of the record-breaking number of cents produced that year. How much is all this ? The absolute top price one of these pennies has fetched at an auction was $115,000! If you find a D beneath 1944 this is the mintmark of the Denver mint. I have inherited a massive coin collection. Extremely fine close to perfect! Other than the D/S wheat pennies, and the steel wheat pennies detailed above, there are a few other error pennies to look out for. So, your 1944 steel cent weighs around 2.7 grams or your 1943 copper penny seems to check out? Design The design of the 1944 penny can also impact its value. How can I sell my steel 1943 pennies for decent money? Here's what's so special about the 1944 steel cent. Year: 1944. In this mint, 991,655,000 coins were minted. Perhaps youve found or inherited an interesting 1944 wheat penny, and you want to find out a little more about it. In that respect, production of 1942 Lincoln Wheat Penny . 1943. In December 1943 testimony before a House Appropriations Subcommittee[1], Assistant Director of the Mint Leland Howard said: The War Production Board has granted us sufficient virgin copper and shell casings to resume production of a copperhued cent on January 1., When we start producing the bronze coins -- and incidentally we have already started, as far as the production of blanks and ingots are concerned -- we will have to take the virgin copper, shell casings, and zinc-alloy them, melt them and pour them, roll the ingots into strips, and then blank the strips out; and all that cost will be borne by this appropriation, and it will eat into it at a rapid rate. Theyre worth far more than the famous 1909-S VDB penny the rarest regular-issue Lincoln cent: Of course, when a penny is worth more than $85,000, youd expect a few counterfeit examples to be floating around out there. How can I tell if it is worth any money. Wheat pennies from the mid-1940s differ from most other wheat cents. Otherwise you can get your coin authenticated by a Third Party Grader such as the PCGS (Professional Coin Grading Service). 1944-D Lincoln Wheat Cent Penny: Steel Cent. Mint Mark Your 1944 wheat penny may also contain a mint mark, which will vary depending on the mint it was created at. The popular pawn show Pawn Stars featured a rare 1944 steel wheat penny. These rare coins can fetch an incredibly high price at auction. Additionally, a 1944-S Lincoln wheat penny graded MS67BN, sold for $50.00 in 2018. Look out for valid certification in the listing. Here is our pennies worth money list based on recent auction records. I'm not sure if you would call it a lamination error, or a cracked skull. Coin Grading 101 The bottoms of all of the numerals in the date of 1948 pennies, on the other hand, fall roughly in line with each other. Whereas 1944 steel pennies, and those with fascinating errors are rare and elusive! combined heraldic crosses of UK members. Equipping yourself with knowledge is the best way to identify fakes and become familiar with the key ID features of your chosen coin. The 1909-S VDB is particularly rare, as it was the first wheat penny issued and had a limited mintage. This will raise the price. In general, wheat pennies minted before 1959 can be worth anywhere from a few cents to several hundred dollars depending on condition, rarity and overall desirability. However, if it is in uncirculated condition, it could be worth up to $7. How much damage has the coin sustained over years of use? Im the Coin Editor here at TheFunTimesGuide. The 1944-D Wheat Penny is also quite valuable, worth up to $85 for a circulated coin and up to $1,500 for an uncirculated coin. Rare quality 1943 copper pennies or valuable errors can sell for as much as $200,000 or more. How much is it worth? The 1944 D steel penny in average condition can be worth $34,000, while those with no mint mark in average condition are worth around $28,000. Variety. One of the rarer 1944 wheat pennies that can be found is the D/S wheat penny. Our comments section is mostly for commenting and only allows remote image embeds. The US minted the 1944 wheat penny with no mint mark and also the 1944 D wheat penny and 1944 S wheat penny. $0.89 - $2.31: 1944 D wheat penny: Good. Type: Wheat Penny Year: 1944 Face Value: $0. Unlike Lincoln cents made from 1909 to 1942, which are 95 percent copper and 5 percent tin and zinc, Lincoln cents from 1944, 1945, and 1946 were made with a composition of 95 percent copper and 5 percent zinc (no tin). Where can upload the pictures? Undistributed copies can be purchased for approximately $5 each. Although many wheat pennies were made with this steel core in order to reduce metal used, the government made a special exception for the 1944 coin and allowed extra copper to be used, which helps add to its rarity. What if anything are they worth. plz answer back as soon as possible. Real People. * You can sell a copper 1944 for, like maybe $.05, or a nickel. Are there any scratches or nicks present on the surface of the coin? 1944 Steel Lincoln Wheat Cent. In 2018, bidders were ready to part with up to $24,000 for a rare 1944-D/S Lincoln cent. Thank you You might have hit the jackpot if you happen to find a steel penny with a 1944 date. See our sister article 1944 Steel Wheat Penny for more details! 1-1955 D Wheat penny Technically, these coins were errors, produced mistakenly with a combination of leftover steel blanks and repurposed copper ammunition cases. 1944 Steel Lincoln Cent. https://coinvalues.com/community/stream/item/5616. Are you concerned the precious metals train has left the station without you. I have one 1944 penny. It wouldnt be relatively difficult to remove the left side of the 8 on the 1948 Lincoln cent, which is why many counterfeit 1943 copper pennies are actually 1948 one-cent coins. The most valuable 1944 wheat penny may also have a tripling of letters (usually S/S/S) which indicates the coin has been struck an additional time. )Continue, Coin collectors have noticed the seemingly high value of the 2020 bat quarter. A 1944 no mint Wheat Penny in good condition can be worth around $2 to $10. The 1944 Steel Wheat Penny Value can be from $9000 up to half a million dollars. For a 1943 copper penny that is in average condition, the value is around $60,000 $85,000. Seven to ten 1944-D steel cents struck at the Denver Mint are thought to still exist, but only two 1944-S steel cents are known. The overwhelming majority of 1944 pennies were made from copper (around 95%) and zinc (around 5%). When we say good, fine, extremely fine, and uncirculated condition, what do we mean? My love for coins began when I was 11 years old. Did You Know? Uncirculated: $0.20. . In later years it was rumoured that the anonymous buyer was in fact Bob Simpson, owner of some of the finest mint condition . Uncirculated specimens can be purchased for less than $5 each. For this reason it is also known as the 1944 Lincoln penny. The reason it is so valuable is because in 1944, the U. S. Mint ran out of copper and was forced to switch to an alternative metal composition consisting of steel and a very small amount of zinc. Josh @ CoinValues, 1943 "D" one CENT wheat I FOUND wath is the value, Hello, Felipe -- What do you do with these coins? Hi, Elizabeth -- https://coinvalues.com/forum Otherwise this may require a coin experts eye for positive identification! A list of pennies in the current pool of circulating United States currency. Uncirculated the best of the best! Why does 1944 wheat penny not have an s ,d, or p under year. If you have verified the correct positioning of all the inscriptions and imagery, and used a magnet to confirm the composition is partially steel, how can you tell if its a fake or not? It should weigh 3.1 grams. They may be able to help you discern a fake from a genuine. This post may contain affiliate links. These were leftover steel blanks from the production of 1943 pennies when copper was in short supply. 1943 Steel Penny Value (Worth A Million Dollars?). 4) 1873 Indian Head . This record would not be broken until 1960, when 2,167,289,000 Lincoln Memorial cents were produced. No, not all 1944 pennies are valuable. Good luck! Stay up to date with everything about U.S Coins, We dont spam! A 1944 no mint Wheat Penny in uncirculated condition can be worth around $50 to $200 or more. I have a 1944 wheat penny that the markings on the back are off center, to the left. https://scontent-iad3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.15752-0/s261x260/66368484_441685056414764_1363231016411463680_n.jpg?_nc_cat=100&_nc_oc=AQn4yMdkynE8XmWiG8QosFszb-OnJJJf0xD6uAs_mba5KtGhslRjvfxOT4mQQ2zztnU&_nc_ht=scontent-iad3-1.xx&oh=b4a5f6a6aca7e05794bc9c949f2cddb2&oe=5DB1DF2B A penny in good condition will remain bright and full of small details, while a penny that is less than good condition may be dull and lack detail. Values, images, and specifications for 1944 penny coins from Australia. Your email address will not be published. Beware of zinc-coated copper penny fakes! This makes the 1944 steel wheat penny incredibly rare and hence valuable. The S was buffed out and replaced with a D mint mark for Denver. Australian coin and banknote values New Zealand predecimal coin values UK coin values - 1801 to 1967 United States coin values - 1792 to present These United States one cents coins all sold at auction for record prices, however the most valuable Lincoln cents were sold privately to an anonymous buyer from United States in 2010 and 2018.. As always, the value of coins could depend on grade and condition. And also make sure you're aware of potential fakes online. 1-1956 D Wheat penny How do I know if my 1955 penny is double die? Coin Slabbing Services, This comment was minimized by the moderator on the site, https://coinvalues.com/wheat-pennies/1943, https://coinvalues.com/wheat-pennies/1935, https://coinvalues.com/wheat-pennies/1958, https://coinvalues.com/library/coin-slabbing-services, https://scontent-iad3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.15752-0/s261x260/66368484_441685056414764_1363231016411463680_n.jpg?_nc_cat=100&, https://scontent-iad3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.15752-0/s261x260/66273164_2432053220357404_6694322626694742016_n.jpg?_nc_cat=108&, To My Young Brothers & Sisters at Reddit & Elsewhere. Extremely fine . There are some very rare ones which were combined with steel. Face Value: $0.01. This is why it is classed as one of the 1944 wheat error pennies. At the top of the coin the phrase E Pluribus Unum is inscribed. I have found the 1944 s wheat coin. Circulated 1944-S Lincoln Wheat Pennies are worth between ten and twenty cents, depending on the condition. The lowest starting price is $0.19 for a coin in average condition. This will help you find out how you should price it, or whether you are paying the correct price for it. Value: $389,968 If the coin has an error, or is certified this will further add to the appeal and raise it's price numismatically speaking. There are an estimated 20 to 30 surviving 1944 steel cents struck at the Philadelphia Mint, many in poor condition. Required fields are marked *. These were pennies that were minted at the Denver Mint, but mistakenly stamped originally with an S mint mark for San Francisco. 4) 1873 Indian Head . $0.40. This will help you to value it and make sure you get the right price for it, or make sure you are paying the right price! 1931-S Lincoln Cent. While some believe all coins of this type are worth substantial sums of money because they are so rare, it is essential to remember that not all examples are equal - some are worth much more than others . Hi. Are there signs of wearing where the words and images have been rubbed away?

Feyre Dies Fanfiction, Dennis Kelly Underbelly, Why Zoos Are Bad Scholarly Articles, Mayfield Sand Ridge Membership Cost, Articles I